IELTS Writing Task 2 – Problems & Solutions: Environment

What is a Problems & Solutions Essay?

This essay type asks you to identify and explain the causes or effects of a problem and then suggest practical solutions. You are not asked to give an opinion about whether the problem is serious — you are asked to analyse it and solve it.

Intro

State the issue in your own words. Do not copy the question. Indicate that causes/effects and solutions will be explored.

Body 1

Explain two or three key causes or effects, with brief explanations for each.

Body 2

Propose realistic, specific solutions that directly address the causes in Body 1.

Avoid

Do not write a list. Each cause and solution must be explained, not just named. Do not give your personal opinion unless specifically asked.

Writing structure

Paragraph 1: Introduction — paraphrase the issue and signal the essay's direction.

Paragraph 2: Body 1 — two main causes or effects, each explained.

Paragraph 3: Body 2 — two matching solutions, each developed.

Paragraph 4: Conclusion — brief summary of causes and solutions.

Key phrases: One major cause is… / This leads to… / As a result… / A possible solution would be… / Governments could… / Individuals can contribute by… / If this were implemented…

Guided example

Example question: In many cities, air pollution is a growing problem. What are the main causes of this problem and what solutions can be suggested?

Model structure

Introduction: Air pollution has become an increasingly urgent issue in cities around the world, affecting public health and quality of life. This essay will examine the primary causes of this problem and suggest practical measures to address it.

Body 1 (Causes): The most significant cause is the high volume of private vehicles on urban roads. Exhaust emissions from petrol and diesel engines release carbon dioxide and particulate matter directly into the air. A second major cause is industrial production, as factories in or near cities discharge pollutants without adequate filtration systems.

Body 2 (Solutions): To tackle vehicle emissions, governments could invest heavily in public transport infrastructure, making buses and trains cheap, frequent, and reliable, thereby reducing private car use. Regarding industry, stricter environmental regulations with financial penalties would compel companies to install proper filtration technology and transition to cleaner energy sources.

Conclusion: In summary, urban air pollution is principally driven by transport and industry. Targeted investment in public transport and stronger industrial regulation would together create a measurable improvement in air quality.

Practice Problems & Solutions Essay

Task: Climate change is one of the biggest threats facing the world today. What are the main causes of climate change, and what measures can individuals and governments take to address it?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words.

Introduction (paraphrase + signal causes and solutions) Body Paragraph 1 (main causes — at least two, each explained) Body Paragraph 2 (solutions — matching the causes in Body 1) Conclusion (brief summary) Full response

Word count: 0

Self-check checklist

I introduced the topic and signalled that causes and solutions would be discussed. I identified at least two causes with clear explanations. I proposed at least two realistic, specific solutions. My solutions directly address the causes I mentioned. I stated who is responsible for each solution (government, individuals, companies). I used cause–effect language (leads to, results in, as a result, therefore). My conclusion summarises causes and solutions without new ideas. My essay has four clear paragraphs.

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