Reading Passage: Solar Energy and Its Benefits
(A) Solar energy is a renewable energy source harnessed from the sun’s rays. Using technologies like solar panels and photovoltaic cells, sunlight is converted into electricity or heat. It is a sustainable and clean energy alternative to fossil fuels, which contribute significantly to global warming. Solar energy is widely used in residential, commercial, and industrial sectors, offering an eco-friendly solution to energy needs.
(B) Despite its advantages, solar energy faces several challenges. One major issue is the high initial cost of installing solar panels, which can deter widespread adoption. Another challenge is the dependency on weather conditions; solar panels are less effective during cloudy days or at night. Solutions to these issues include government subsidies to lower installation costs and advancements in battery storage technology to store energy for later use. Innovations like more efficient solar cells are also being developed to increase energy output.
(C) The benefits of solar energy are vast. It significantly reduces carbon emissions, contributing to a healthier environment. Solar energy also decreases dependency on non-renewable resources, helping to stabilize energy prices. In remote areas, solar power provides an independent and reliable source of electricity. However, limitations such as land requirements for large-scale solar farms and the need for regular maintenance must be addressed to maximize its potential.
(D) The adoption of solar energy has grown rapidly worldwide. In 2022, global solar capacity reached 1,000 gigawatts, a tenfold increase from 2010. The International Energy Agency (IEA) projects that solar energy will account for 60% of new renewable energy installations by 2030. Countries like China, the United States, and India are leading in solar energy production, with China producing over 300 gigawatts annually. This growth has led to a reduction in solar energy costs by more than 80% over the last decade.
(E) The process of harnessing solar energy involves several key steps. First, solar panels capture sunlight and convert it into direct current (DC) electricity using photovoltaic cells. This DC electricity is then converted into alternating current (AC) electricity by an inverter, making it usable for homes and businesses. Any excess electricity can be stored in batteries or sent back to the grid. Maintenance includes regular cleaning of panels to remove dust and debris, ensuring maximum efficiency.