The development of vaccines has been one of medicine's greatest achievements. Edward Jenner is often considered the founder of vaccinology after he inoculated a 13-year-old boy with the vaccinia virus in 1796. He demonstrated immunity to smallpox and published his findings in 1801.
Following this groundbreaking work, Louis Pasteur developed vaccines for anthrax and rabies in the 1880s. His rabies vaccine, first used on a human in 1885, represented the first vaccine created in a laboratory setting rather than using materials from nature.
The 20th century saw tremendous advances in vaccinology. Jonas Salk developed the first successful polio vaccine in 1955, followed by Albert Sabin's oral polio vaccine in 1961. Maurice Hilleman, who developed more than 40 vaccines, created the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine in 1971.
More recent vaccine innovations include the hepatitis B vaccine, developed by Baruch Blumberg in 1981, and the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, developed by a team led by Ian Frazer and Jian Zhou in 2006. Most recently, breakthrough mRNA vaccine technology was deployed during the COVID-19 pandemic, with vaccines receiving emergency authorization in December 2020.
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